What Is a Mental Map and How Can It Help You

A mental map is a first-person perspective of an area that an individual possesses. This type of subconscious map shows a person what a place looks like and how to interact with it. But does everybody have mental maps and if they do, how are they formed? Who Has Mental Maps? Everyone has mental maps that they use to get around, no matter how good they are with directions. Picture your neighborhood, for example. You probably have a clear map in your mind of where you live that allows you to navigate to the nearest coffee shop, your friends house, your place of work, and more without the help of technology or physical maps. You use your mental maps to plan nearly all activities and routes to travel. The average person has large mental maps to tell them where towns, states, and countries are positioned and smaller maps to navigate areas like their kitchen. Any time you envision how to get somewhere or what a place looks like, you use a mental map, often without even thinking about it. This kind of mapping is studied by behavioral geographers to help them understand how humans move. Behavioral Geography   Behaviorism is a division of psychology that looks at human and/or animal behavior. This science assumes that all behavior is a response to environmental stimuli and studies these connections. Likewise, behavioral geographers  seek to understand how the landscape, in particular, influences and is influenced by behavior. How people build, change, and interact with the real world through mental maps are all topics of research for this growing field of study. Conflict Caused by Mental Maps It is possible—common, even—for the mental maps of two individuals to be at odds with each other. This is because mental maps arent just perceptions of your own spaces, they are also your perceptions of places youve never been or seen and areas that are mostly unfamiliar to you. Mental maps based on assumptions or conjecture can significantly impact human interaction. Perceptions of where a country or region begins and ends, for example, can influence country-to-country negotiations. Ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel exemplifies this. These nations cannot reach an agreement about where the border between them should lie because each side sees the boundaries in question differently. Territorial conflicts such as this are difficult to resolve because participants must rely on their mental maps to make decisions and no two mental maps are the same. Media and Mental Mapping As mentioned, mental maps can be created for places youve never been to and this is simultaneously made possible and more difficult by media. Social media, news reports, and movies can depict faraway places vividly enough for a person to create their own mental maps of them. Photographs are often used as the basis of mental maps, especially for famous landmarks. This is what makes skylines of popular cities like Manhattan easily recognizable even to people that have never visited. Unfortunately, media representations dont always give accurate representations of places and can lead to the formation of mental maps riddled with errors. Looking at a country on a map with an improper scale, for example, can make a nation seem larger or smaller than it really is. The Mercator maps infamous distortion of Africa confused people with regard to the size of the continent for centuries. Misconceptions about a country as a whole—from sovereignty to population—often follow inaccurate depictions. The media cannot always be trusted to deliver true information about a place. Biased crime statistics and news reports, for example, should not be taken lightly because they have the power to impact a persons choices. Media reports of crime in an area can lead people to avoid a neighborhood whose crime rate is, in reality, average. Humans often subconsciously attach emotion to their mental maps and information consumed, accurate or not, can alter perceptions significantly. Always be a critical consumer of media representations for the most accurate mental maps.

Avoiding Cross Cultural Miscommunication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1123 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Subject: Avoiding Cross-Cultural Miscommunication It has been brought to our attention in Human Resources that our organization will begin international business at the beginning of the new year, which is just less than five months away. There are several negative situations that can occur within our organization due to cross-cultural miscommunication. When cross-cultural communications do not translate as intended, people can take with them a complete different message which can cause costly mistakes. Sometimes the wrong choice of words will be used and can cause severe embarrassment. If our organization uses poor translators, we could experience some tragic consequences in our business (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2007). I would like to be proactive in avoiding cross-cultural miscommunication by making some recommendations in cross-cultural communication. However, before I make some recommendations, I would like to discuss cultural awareness. 112 It is important to understand that the key elements that define culture are the learned norms based on atitudes, values, and beliefs of a group of people (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2007). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Avoiding Cross Cultural Miscommunication" essay for you Create order Ultimately, an organization that does not try to understand these elements will surely fail if they become an international company. Another area a company must avoid or overcome is ethnocentricity. According to The Columbia Encylopedia (2000), ethnocentrism is the feeling a specific group has about their values and feels that they are superior to those of other groups. It is quite possible that it can cause an attitude of superiority. If this organanization chooses to ignore important factors, thinks that their home-country objectives should be the only objectives that should count, and thinks that change is easy, we might possibly find ourselves missing out on greater opportunities. 110 Our attitudes, values, customs, and beliefs shape the culture of our organization. At this point, I recommend that we have a third party come into our organization and evaluate our organizational culture and see if it is in alignment with our company goals. If the study reveals we are not in alignment with our goals, I highly recommend that a new culture be developed nd all management and employees be trained in the new adopted culture. There are effective strategies in which our organization can adapt to the culture in our organization. According to an article on alignment and how it works an why it matters in Training Magazine, organizational alignment can only be achieved wen our strategic goals and cultural values are consiste nt with each other. so, if we follow my recommendation and have a study of our organizational culture and if it reveals a need for change, we can hopefully get our orgnaization headed in the same direction. This will allow our organizaion to increase our profits, our employees job satisfaction, increase our quality of service, and our long-term success (Tosti, 2010). Our company must be aware of the elements of other cultures, such as norms and values in order to operate profitably and successfully. If we try to operate our organization with different norms and values than our employees can adapt to, we will soon find ourselve with a possible high turnover. For example, or organization should develop a reward program for providing excellent customer service instead of the current nobody cares culture. We need to develop leaders that will shape this culture. We need to make a priority of understanding the norms and values of a desirable and successful organizational culture. When we make this possible, the work attitudes within our organization will be a respectful one. The other attitudes toward leisure, time, change, family, social mobility and religion will be important to shape our culture, also. For example, we can form a recreation committee to start planning activities and outings for our employees on a quarterly basis. This could help increase attitudes toward leisure, family, and social mobility. At the same time, we should think about developing a flex time schedule for all employees allowing a flexible start and end work time. Corporate/personal verbal and non-verbal communication has an influence on cultural understanding. If our organization continues to promote that we are an English only speaking organization, we must strive to walk the talk and speak and write in English only. At the same time, I recommend our training and developmet department to conduct training classes in verbal and on-verbal communication. We need to ensure that employees understand the different meanings of the words used from each country. This will help with any embarrassments that might be caused by using the wrong words during conversations and presentations. At the same time, training can be provided in the styles of communication we want our organization to practice. If our organization continues the culture of a closed communication style, I believe that senior leadership will lose out on what employees are accomplishing and feeling. How else will they hear the voices of their most valuable assets? (Whiley Sons, 2007) Education and technology are both linked to culture in a way that provides intrinsic needs for employees. Our organizatio can offer work-life programs such as tuition reimbursement and/or a career development program. This would allow employees to further their education, which will help them in advancement opportunities within our company. This would help create a culture of career development. The mass media shapes culture, public opinion, marketing and adverstising by having a persuasive power over us. The reason they have persuasive power over us is because it is a one-way conversation. This leaves a huge gap between the sender and the receiver. However, the internet has affected one-way communication to some extent by decreasing the control on citizens to communicate to the outside. There are both positive and negative political impacts that can affect our company. We need to research different countries on operational regulations for our day-to-day operations. For example, what will the country require on bank deposits, court registration, our company seal, and health benefits. Some countries might only have two or three regulations for us to comply with, while others might have over twenty. In conclusion, our company should carefully consider culture awareness as a major factor in todays global marketplace to be successful. Reference: Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business Environments and Operations. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall. p 67. ethnocentrism. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2000. 12933. General OneFile. Web. 15 Aug. 2010. Document URL https://find. galegroup. om/gtx/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC-Documentstype=retrievetabID=T001prodId=ITOFdocId=A69026464source=galesrcprod=ITOFuserGroupName=oran95108version=1. 0 Tosti, Donal, and Stephanie Jackson, Alignment: how it works and why it matter. Training 31. 4 (1994): 58+. General OneFile. Webb. 15 Aug. 2010. GDN: A15410553. While, John Sons. (2007). The WorldatWork Handbook of Compensation, Benefits, and Total Rewards: A Comprehensive Guide for HR Professionals. Hoboken, NJ:WorldatWork. p 572-573. https://www. litnotes. co. uk/mass_media. htm. Retrieved on August 18, 2010.

Does Kenya Get the Full Benefit From its Tourist Industry Free Essays

string(104) " The following table is a selection of the people who are involved with Kenya’s tourist industry\." My coursework task is to write a report about Kenya to show that I have studied Kenya and its tourist industry and can make a judgement about how much Kenya benefits from the tourists that visit the country. Kenya is an equatorial country located on the east side of the continent of Africa bordering Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and the Indian Ocean. Kenya is also bordered by Lake Victoria in the west. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Kenya Get the Full Benefit From its Tourist Industry? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kenya lies between 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½N and 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½S and covers an area of 582,646Kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Kenya has an extremely diverse relief with a low coastal plain spanning 536km, inland plateaux regions and multiple mountain ranges and isolated peaks. Tourism has become the most important part of Kenya’s economy accounting for 38% of industry in the developing country. Kenya’s main tourist attractions are the many game parks across the country, including the popular Massai Mara reserve and the more exclusive Tsavo National Park. Kenya also offers Golden beaches and 5-star hotels along its 536km of coastline. The map below shows the location of Kenya within Africa, Important tourist destinations, Major Game reserves and relief. Map of Kenya and the Surrounding Countries Kenya lies on the equator but the annual rainfall is unusually low and varies from year to year. This is due to the seasonal winds blowing the intertropical cloud and rain relatively quickly across Kenya in April and October and the Monsoons taking a track parallel to the coast and passing over large areas of land before reaching Kenya. You would expect the temperature in Kenya to be constantly high as it is an equatorial and so the sunlight hits the earth vertically and with more concentration than at latitudes away from the equator all year round, but the average temperatures in Kenya are relatively low compared to other equatorial African countries due to the variation in altitude. Only the low lying coastal areas of Kenya experience constant high temperature associated with equatorial locations. There are two rainy seasons; March – May and November – December and two dry seasons in between. The country’s climate can be divided into four regions: Coastal region The temperature and humidity stay relatively high all year round but the offshore wind and the long days make the area bearable. It receives some rain all year round mostly in the small hours of the morning. The Northern Frontier and Lower Inland Plateau This section of the country experiences a low annual rainfall considering its equatorial location (usually below 500mm). The temperatures are high throughout the year and the humidity low. The Kenya Highlands This region to the west of the country is the most agriculturally productive land in the country. As Kenya is a developing country with a huge slice of its industry being primary the region is also the most densely populated. Kenya’s Double rainy season does feature in the region but rainfall is moderate and exceeds 1250mm only on the highest parts of the area. The region experiences its lowest temperatures from June to September, the nights being described as â€Å"chilly†. The Higher Mountain Regions These areas are above 2500m and are small. Temperatures fall low enough for frost to form and some snow to fall. Mt Kenya has a permanent snow cap. Kenya receives two rainy seasons because of the tilt of the earth when orbiting the sun. The following diagram illustrates this: The tropic of Capricorn is closest to the sun. It becomes warmed by the sun. During the day more water evaporates causing clouds to form bringing rain. 231/2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½South Tropic of Capricorn The earth spins on its axis, the angle at which it faces the sun changes gradually tilting towards the equator this then warms the equator 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Equator – Kenya This tilt increases until it reaches 231/2 N where the tropic of cancer is warmed. 231/2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½North Tropic of Cancer The whole process is reversed tilting back to the tropic of Capricorn via the equator. The full tilt and reverse tilt of the earth’s axis takes a year. This is why Kenya has two rainy seasons due to the position of the overhead sun. * Sunlight The two Climate graphs above show the climate of Mombassa, Kenya and London, England for comparison. The Graph of Mombassa shows the two rainy seasons. The graphs also indicate a main reason why tourists visit Kenya. The lowest temperature Mombassa endures is 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, higher than the highest temperature London endures. The Hottest times of the year in Mombassa coincide with the coldest time of the year in London. This is one of the major reasons tourists visit Kenya. Because the country has two rainy seasons it also has two grazing seasons. The Savannah ecosystem means that more species can live in harmony together. Darwin’s â€Å"survival of the fittest† theory states that when two species are in direct competition the best evolved will survive, the reason the Savannah can support so many animals is that all the animals have a â€Å"niche† and so are not all in direct competition. Some species are Grazers, some are browsers etc. This is called Grazing succession; the grazing succession ensures that every opportunity to use the supply of food is taken. It is a similar pattern for Carnivores; Lions make a kill but leave plenty of food for spotted Hyenas and again for the vultures. Each specie waits in turn to be fed. The following diagram is an example of Grazing succession: The Savannah is famed for the diversity of species of large animals that live there. There are near forty different types of herbivores, plus the carnivores, this is a simple food web of part of the savannah ecosystem: The Savannah and the balance of the ecosystem is important to Kenya’s Tourist Industry as it provides the main incentive for tourists to holiday there. It is important that the Industry does all it can to preserve the delicate balance. The following table is a selection of the people who are involved with Kenya’s tourist industry. It helps sum up their views and why they hold that view. It also helps me conclude which direction the people involved in Kenya’s tourist industry wish it to go. Person Group(s) of people they represent What view they hold about tourism In Kenya Why they hold their view A European Tourist Tourists Tourism is good for Kenya but only when it is controlled It is their lifelong dream to go on safari and think that it’s excellent to see all the animals in their natural habitat. But they have reservations about how much the tourists are damaging the animal’s natural habitat. A Kenyan Maasai Maasai tribe Against mass tourism The Maasai people have been ejected from their homeland to make way for the tourists. They are no longer allowed to live in the game park. The tribe is no longer allowed to migrate around the country. Muslim from Mombassa The Muslim community of Mombassa Against tourism Induces changes to there culture and insults their religious followings. I.e. western women show their bodies. Tourists bring with them alcohol, drugs and sex tourism. Mombassa has therefore found a rise in crime and social unbalance as young black men marry older white women and immigrate to Europe. Muslim from Lamu The Muslim community of Lamu For sustainable tourism Lamu has restrictions on the way tourists dress and behave. There are no bars in Lamu and there are restrictions on the size and design of hotels. E.g. they have to be white and made of local materials. The Muslim community also work closely with travel agents and a certain amount of the price tourists pay towards there holiday goes back into the community and maintenance of the town. A Marine Biologist Conservationists Against tourism as it is now Tour guides don’t do enough to prevent the destruction of the coral. They let tourists stand on the coral and even drop their anchors (which is illegal but the law is not enforced) because of the bigger tips on offer. This means the coral reef becomes unbalanced and slowly dies and therefore no more tourists will want to go and see the reef. Laws should be enforced to save the reef and any future tourism. Owner of Glass Bottom Boat Tour guides For and against Gets a major income from taking tourists out in their boat. The marine park is swamped by boats at low tide which means there are lots of pollutants are going into the reef. The boats also collide into the reef and their customers also stand on the reef. Game Warden Conservationists Against tourism as it is Tour bus drivers in the Maasai Mara reserve go far too close to the animals. There is a rule that they can’t go closer than 25m to animal but they disobey this rule for better tips. There are too many tourist busses for him to police. The animals suffer and reproduction rates have dropped rapidly. Most of the above groups are for tourism in one way or another. It seems that they all would like to have a sustainable tourist industry where the needs of the tourists aren’t put above that of the local population and the natural habitat. Sustainable tourism would also prolong the life of the tourist destinations thus providing an income for many generations of Kenyans. So, Does Kenya get the full benefit from its tourist industry? Kenya is a developing country. I can see that it is a developing country by using development indicators. These include; GNP (Gross National Product), jobs, Trade, population, health and education. Most Kenyans are employed in the primary sector; relatively few are involved in secondary or tertiary industry apart from tourism. This is shown in the pie chat below: This is one indicator that Kenya is developing. Another indicator is that most of Kenya’s exports are raw materials (Shown in the chart below), this shows that the country is developing compared to a developed country like the United Kingdom whose exports are mainly manufactured goods and services. Kenya also has a high birth rate, infant mortality rate and a low literacy rate, all of which are indicators of a developing country. Possibly the Best way to judge whether a country is developing is by looking at its GNP (Gross National Product). The table below shows that Kenya is still developing as a county because it shows 83% of the countries in the world to have a higher GNP than that of Kenya. Compared with a Developed country such as the United Kingdom (GNP- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18700) and even with man African counties Kenya has a long way to go before it can call itself a developed country. Table 8. Kenya: GNP (Gross National Product) Countries in the world with higher GNP than Kenya 83% Countries in the world with same GNP as Kenya 2.5% Countries in the world with lower GNP than Kenya 14.5% Countries in Africa with higher GNP than Kenya 52% Countries in Africa with same GNP as Kenya 10.5% Countries in Africa with lower GNP than Kenya 37.5% Kenya’s GNP per person (1995) = US $280 Kenya needs to continue to develop tourism as it will bring more money into the country so it can start providing better health services and education services for its population. Tourism is seen as a good way to continue developing a country. The table printed below shows employment in the hotel industry. General Managers in hotels are mainly Non-African. This means that a lot of money is not going to Kenyan employees and therefore doesn’t go back into the community. This also true with some Hotel profits going to multinational companies based in developed countries. This means the profits of the tourist trade done by these multinational giants aren’t going back into Kenya. However I feel that if Kenya continues to develop it will start to produce graduates capable of filling higher positions in the tourist industry, therefore bringing more money back into Kenya’s economy. At the present time Kenya has developed tourism in the inland game and safari parks and along the shores of the Indian Ocean. The development along the coast is mainly luxury hotels, new developments that have sprung up especially for the tourists. Most of the Game parks have gone this way too with 5-star lodges etc. there are only a few exceptions, Tsavo Safari park is one of them with the emphasis on preserving the land and protecting it from the potential devastation tourism can bring. Most Kenyans benefit from tourism in Kenya, mainly the people who work directly with the tourists or derive their incomes from the industry, for example hotel owners, tour guides and safari park operators, But also the whole of Kenya can potentially benefit from tourism if the money spent by tourists in Kenya is put back into the community in the form of hospitals and schools. The groups of people who are affected in a negative way by tourism are mainly those whose ways of life are changed or oppressed by the tourists. For example the Muslim community of Mombassa. They feel that the tourists don’t respect their way of life and their religious followings. Personally I feel that Kenya is feeling the full benefit from tourism as they see a huge amount of people now holidaying in Kenya. However I do feel that the Kenyan tourist board needs to do more to work towards maintaining a sustainable tourist industry if it wishes to continue to feel the full benefit. The Kenyan authorities should take note of example like Tsavo National Park and Lamu where sustainable tourism is already operating. In these areas special care is taken not to damage the environment. For example in Tsavo the accommodation is Temporary and so can be moved about so the land receives equal wear. The tour guides also operate under strict rules when approaching animals and taking paths along the park. In Lamu a levee is placed on all tourist payments to go back into the town to maintain the local way of life and therefore the tourist attraction itself. The tourists also are encouraged to abide by the Muslim dress rules when going out and there is no alcohol available in accordance with their religion. If the Whole of the Kenyan Industry adopted policies similar to this it would preserve the tourist attractions for generations of Kenyans and would most probably attract more tourists, as the people who go to Kenya like to experience local culture and animals in their natural habitat, rather than it feel manufactured to their needs. Kenya will also further its economical development by operating this scheme as it will ensure a higher percentage of income from the tourist trade staying in the country. How to cite Does Kenya Get the Full Benefit From its Tourist Industry?, Papers

Writing In Response To Another Writer - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Writing In Response To Another Writer. Answer: Introduction The article by Nissen shows us how to students pay for their studies at various universities and also there are some indirect expenditures in the world. Even the article of Kirschner shows that there are different styles of learning. The chosen article for this assignment is of Kirschner. We all are different from one another in many ways and there are different preferences in terms of music, food and learning also (Kirschner and Merrinboer, 2013). Due to this lots of students and their parents or their mentor or the teachers feel that it is somewhat right to say that because everybody is differentthereforethe teaching style also has to be tailor made. Is this an issue? The answer is simple yes! There are lots of issues with the kind of learning styles and their perceptions. First ofallthere are lots of difference among the manner in whichanybody wantsto learn and the possible way in which effective learning happens. One more thing to be kept in mind is that a preference for the app roach to studying is not to be a learning style (Kirschner, 2017). Truth or a myth However, as per my understanding it is a mistake in idea that people learn in a better way when the training and guidance received is tailored and it is in a preferred style of learning. It is important for a teacher to match his Way of teaching to the learning style of the students. Looking at the idea given by this article, parents prefer to beleive that their kids are receiving a tailored education (Robinson, 2012). And even teachers are happy to think that they recognise the needs of children and many teachers get motivated to look for more regarding fulfilment of their students. This is because nobody prefers to think of themselves to be lesser in ability. No teacher would accept that his teaching style is not good rather they would think that the class was difficult. Evidence to support this learning idea There is very less evidence however the professionals on this topic state that lots of these evidences are very weak. Very convincing proof of learning styles reflect that individuals of a specific preferred learning style got to learn more when they were provided with learning in their preferred way. Although a separate group with distinct preferences got better understanding from the same material when they were being provided by learning in a favourable manner yet a few studies of this kind have shown support for learning styles. It can be said that both of these groups performed better than learning was given by a specific styles (Li, Kravcik, Popescu, Huang, Kinshuk, Chen, 2016). This is right because even though everybody is different, generally the highly effective way for learning is as per the kind of material and not on the preferences. When the study material is in a simple way then learning becomes easier. Other issues related with this myth One more issue that is there is that there are so many probable manners of describing peoples preferred style of learning. An individual might feel that he lands in a better way, by visuals in spite of any verbal teaching, but his performance might show something different. The reality is that the prediction is not based on the match between learning style and teaching style rather it is based on the past performance of the students. Is it right to give up tailoring of teaching styles? No, the tailoring of teaching styles should not be given up completely, because people are generally not clear of the teaching style that is highly suitable for them. Since there is very less evidences available for the advantages of matching the preferred learning style with the teaching style therefore it cannot be said that there isn't much scope of tailoring the teaching style for better learning. Taking an example, as pointed out by Kirschner and Merrienboer, there is proof that the people who are nervous they learn in a better way by looking at examples and proofs rather people who have experience they learn more by resolving issues on their own(Peterson, Rayner Armstrong, 2009). There has been one more research showing the way in which learning is made better almost by everyone, by combination of various activities like passive studies being joined by drawings. Removal of this harmful myth Lots of leading professionals have a belief that myth of the preferred style of learning is not merely a misconception rather it is bringing problems. This way the teachers are encouraged to teach the students intellectual strains and not their weaknesses. Students have to improve and take care of their weaknesses rather than avoiding them. Lot of training programs and learning style questionnaires are very costly. As per him the urge has been made to researchers for spreading that learning style is a myth. This paper critically states three unsupported concepts of education on particular learning approaches, digital native and learners have the capacity of making themselves educated through Internet (Hopnt Joniper, 2016). This paper focuses on the learning style minutes and it is also stated that learning styles are not scientifically evidenced. These non- evidenced statements are: Learners have a particular style of learning that has to be catered to for efficient learning Learners have a style which has to be recognised for instructions to be tailor-made. Learners know about their particular learning style and this determination of style can be done in a reliable and valid manner(Kirschner and Gerhart, 2005) Even though the learners are different from each other in many man hours still it doesn't mean that all these differences have to be considered while making the learning material. In this article there have been different references to different studies however the floors of these notions have been discussed. Conclusion In conclusion, rather than going onto the bandwagon of taking care of the instructions for learning styles, it should be seen that the scientific proofs have to be evaluated(Price, 2004). There are various scientific studies which need evidences or else those studies should be adopted which clearly have scientific proofs. References Hopnt, M., Joniper, K. (2016). Web page Content to-from Learning Style of Learners Learning Style. Journal Of Engineering Technology, 6(2), 86-96. https://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jet-06027 Kirschner, M., Gerhart, J. (2005).The plausibility of life. New Haven: Yale University Press. Kirschner, P. A., van Merrinboer, J. J. (2013). Do learners really know best? Urban legends in education.Educational psychologist,48(3), 169-183.Kirschner, P. A. (2017). Stop propagating the learning styles myth.Computers Education,106, 166-171. Li, Y., Chang, M., Kravcik, M., Popescu, E., Huang, R., Kinshuk, Chen, N. (2016).State-of-the-art and future directions of smart learning. Singapore: Springer. Peterson, E., Rayner, S., Armstrong, S. (2009). Researching the psychology of cognitive style and learning style: Is there really a future?.Learning And Individual Differences, 19(4), 518-523. Price, L. (2004). Individual Differences in Learning: Cognitive control, cognitive style, and learning style. Educational Psychology, 24(5), 681-698. Robinson, N. (2012). Learning to Show and Tell Capitalist Style.International Studies Review, 14(1), 185-186.